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Nasogastric tube

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A nasogastric tube is a narrow bore tube passed into the stomach via the nose. It is used  eg for decompression of intestinal obstruction.A wide bore tube is used if drainage is needed; otherwise, a finer bore tube is used. Fine bore feeding tubes (gauge less than 9) cause less discomfort and less risk of rhinitis, pharyngitis or oesophageal erosion.      The use of a nasogastric tube is suitable for enteral feeding for up to six weeks. Polyurethane or silicone feeding tubes are unaffected by gastric acid and can therefore remain in the stomach for a longer period than PVC tubes, which can only be used for up to 2 weeks. For long-term enteral feeding, the use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is associated with improved survival, better toleration by the patient and lower incidence of aspiration. Contra-indications The nasogastric feeding route is not suitable for all patients, including those with: High risk of aspiration Gastric...
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Urinary catheters

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                 Urinary catheter  gauges            The French scale (Fr.) is used to denote the size of catheters. Each unit is roughly equivalent to 0.33 mm in diameter (that is, 18 Fr. indicates a diameter of 6 mm). The smaller the number, the smaller the catheter. A larger sized catheter is used for a male because it is stiffer, thus easier to push the distance of the male urethra. Catheters come in several sizes: –         a. Number 8 Fr. and 10 Fr. are used for children. –         b. Number 14 Fr. and 16 Fr. are used for female adults. –         c. Number 20 Fr. and 22 Fr. are usually used for male adults. Types of urinary catheters Intermittent Catheter. An intermittent c atheter is used to drain the bladder for short periods (5-10 minutes). I...
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Suture materials

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Content   in suture packet Toothed forceps Non toothed forceps Scissor Swabs Drapes Lignocane 10 ml   syringe suture Needle   types Based   on   edge Cutting   needle Cutting edge on inside of circle. Ue to   suture skin & aponeurosis Reverse Cutting Cutting edge on outside of circle. Use   to suture   muco periosteum Round body needle Used in   soft   tissues like peritoneum , muscle, vessels, nerves & bowel Based on curvature Straight needle Curved needle Curved Shap es of Needles •           3/8 circle •           1/2 circle •           Straight •           Specialty Based   on existence   of the eye A traumatic   needle Here   suture ...
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Surgical Diathermy

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This is the use of electricity to generate heat in tissues. For the surgeon, the heating to be enough to vaporize or coagulate the tissue. The electricity has to be of high frequency, usually referred to as radio-frequency .This is because it falls into the range of frequencies used for wireless transmissions. One of the main values of the high frequency is that it is too fast to stimulate nervefibers. This means that you don’t get spasm or paralysis of muscle. To avoid these unwanted effects, you need frequencies greater than 100 kHz. Diathermy units use frequencies from 500 kHz (500,000 cycles per second) to 2 MHz (2 million cycles per second). Types of diathermy There are two types used in surgery: unipolar and bipolar.                       Unipolar      this is the type of diathermy that is most often used in ...
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instruments use in gynecology & obstetrics

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Cervical  dilator          Cervical  dilator  use  to induce dilation  of  cervix                                 Uterine sound It is use to detect weather uterus  is anti / retroverted Curette A curette is a surgical instrument designed for scraping biological tissue or debris in a biopsy, excision, or cleaning procedure. In form, the curette is a small hand tool, often similar in shape to a stylus; at the tip of the curette is a small scoop, hook, or gouge. The verb to curette means to scrape with a curette. . Surgeons often use a curette for the debridement of tissue, a common example of which is dilation and curettage of the uterus performed in gynaecology. . Episiotomy  scissor Use  to  put an episiotomy cuts  during deliveries Vaginal   Speculums Use to  inspect  vaginal c...
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